Learning SFG

SFG PAGES
Link;
http://www.alvinleong.info/sfg/sfgdownrank.html#rank

D O W N R A N K I N G

Rank scale

To understand downranking, we must first understand Halliday's rank scale, as follows:

Clause
|
Word group
|
Word

Now, downranking occurs when something from a higher rank functions at a lower rank. For us, we will be mainly concerned with downranked clauses. So, if a clause functions as something lower than a clause (say, a participant or part of a participant), we consider it a downranked clause. Some examples are:

1. Seeing Minnie in a two-piece suit was too much for Mickey.
2. What tutorials give me is a massive headache.
3. The laksa seller who forgot my order thinks of nothing but cockles.

In (1) and (2), it is quite easy to see downranking at work. The underlined segments are technically clauses. But because they function as subjects, they are said to be nominalised and, therefore, downranked. Sometimes, we encounter stuff like (3). The underlined segment is traditionally labelled a restrictive (or defining) relative clause. A restrictive relative clause is downranked because it is part of the NG. As opposed

Verb (toefl structure-1)

Pengertian, Macam-Macam dan Contoh Kalimat Verb (Kata Kerja)
Pengertian Verb

Verb adalah suatu kata yang berfungsi untuk menunjukkan tindakan dari subject, menunjukkan peristiwa atau keadaan (go, occur, sleep, want). Kata kerja merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech. Kata ini tidak selalu berbentuk simple (satu kata), melainkan mungkin berupa frasa hasil kombinasi dengan particle ~ phrasal verb (get in, make up, read over). 

Macam-Macam dan Contoh Verb

Beberapa macam dan contoh verb antara lain sebagai berikut.

• Transitive dan Intransitive: Transitive diikuti direct object (contoh kalimat: The boy kicked the ball), sedangkan intransitive tidak (contoh kalimat: Cheryl often sneezes while cleaning).
• Regular dan Irregular: Pada bentuk regular, past tense dan participle didapat dengan menambahkan suffix-ed pada base form sedangkan pada irregular, caranya lebih bervariasi.
• Action dan Stative: Action (eat, play) menyatakan bahwa sesuatu terjadi, sedangkan stative (love, need) menyatakan kondisi yang cenderung tetap.
• Finite dan Non-Finite: Finite dipengaruhi tense dan subject-verb agreement, sedangkan non-finite tidak.
• Linking Verb: menghubungkan subject of a sentence dengan deskripsinya (contoh kalimat: She is young and beautiful).
• Causative: Kata kerja untuk menunjukkan bahwa subjek tidak bertanggungjawab langsung terhadap aksi yang terjadi (contoh kalimat: I had my house renovated last week).

Auxiliary Verb

Auxiliary merupakan kata kerja yang muncul sebelum kata kerja utama. Kata kerja bantu ini dapat dibedakan menjadi:

• 
  

Auxiliary (toefl structure-2)

Pengertian dan Contoh Kalimat Auxiliary Verb

Pengertian Auxiliary Verb

• Auxiliary verb adalah kata kerja yang muncul sebelum main/lexical verb (kata kerja utama) di dalam suatu kalimat untuk memodifikasi makna dari kata kerja utama tersebut.
• Tidak seperti kata kerja utama, helping atau auxiliary verb tidak mempunyai arti sendiri.
• Kata kerja pembantu ini terdiri dari primary (be, do, have) dan modal auxiliary verb (can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to). 

Kombinasi Auxiliary Verb
Sebuah kata kerja utama dapat dilengkapi sampai tiga auxiliary verb dimana terdiri dari modal dan satu atau dua primary auxiliary verb. Contoh kombinasi pada kata kerja ini dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.
Contoh Kombinasi Antar Auxiliary Verb:

• The children should have slept. (modal: should, primary: have; Present Perfect Tense)
• The book has been read. (primary: has, been; Passive-Present Perfect Tense)
• I have been driving for an hour. (primary: have, been; Present Perfect Continuous Tense)
• I will have been sleeping. (modal: will, primary: have, been; Future Perfect Continuous Tense)

Primary Auxiliary Verb
Primary Auxiliary Verb terdiri dari be, do, dan have. Ketiga kata kerja ini dapat pula berfungsi sebagai kata kerja utama.
Tabel Fungsi dan Contoh Be, Do, & Have
Fungsi dan contoh primary auxiliary verb be, do, dan have dalam kalimat dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.

Auxiliary Verb	Fungsi	Contoh Kalimat Auxiliary Verb
Be (am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been)	Auxiliary verb ”be” untuk membentuk present/past continuous/progressive tense. Kemudian dapat pula ditambahkan modal will untuk membentuk future continuous.	The maid is brushing the bathroom floor. (Present Continuous)
		They were roasting corns at this time last night. (Past Continuous)
		The party will be starting at this time tomorrow. (Future Continuous)
	Be bersama auxiliary have membentuk present/past perfect continuous/progressive tense. Dapat pula ditambahkan modal will untuk membentuk future perfect continuous.	The manager has been checking the documents. (Present Perfect Cont.)
		The cat will have been sleeping long. (Future Perfect Cont.)
	Be untuk membentuk passive voice	Your cake is being eaten by him. (Passive Present Cont.)
		The room was cleaned by my assistant last night. (Passive Past Tense)
Do (do, does, did)	Auxiliary verb “do” untuk memberikan penekanan pada kalimat indicative (normal) maupun imperative, dan adverb of frequency.	I do finish my homework.
		Do open the door.
		Tina seldom does wash her shoes by herself.
	Do untuk mengajukan pertanyaan (question tag[1], Yes-No[2], dan Wh-question[3]). Dapat pula digunakan untuk mengajukan clarifying question[4] (pertanyaan klarifikasi) berhubungan negative statement (pernyataan negatif) sebelumnya.	You do love me, don’t you?[1]
		Did you see him yesterday?[2]
		What does she want from you?[3]
		“Diana didn’t have much money.” “Then who did borrow me?”[4]
	Auxiliary verb ini bersama not untuk membentuk kalimat negatif	I do not like coffee.
		She didn’t come last night.
	Do untuk membuat short answer (jawaban pendek)	Yes, I do.
		Yes, she does.
	Auxiliary verb ini dipadukan dengan conjunction so dan neither untuk mengekspresikan similarity (persamaan) dan differences (perbedaan).	My brother loves sport and so do I.
		I don’t want to spend my money unwisely; neither does my friend.
Have (have, has, had)	Auxiliary verb “have” untuk membentuk perfect tense	Dira has studied in French since April. (Present Perfect)
		I had already had breakfast by the time he picked me up. (Past Perfect)
	Have dikombinasikan dengan modal untuk mengekspresikan possibility (kemungkinan) dimasa lalu.	He might have realized his mistakes.
		My father may have read this book.

References:

1. Helping and Modal Auxiliary Verbs. http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/auxiliary.htm. Accessed on October 10, 2012.
2. Helping Verb. http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/helpverbterm.htm. Accessed on October 10, 2012.
3. Notes on “Do”. http://grammar.about.com/od/irregularverbs/a/Notes-On-Do.htm. Accessed on October 10, 2012.
4. Helping Verbs. http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-what_classification-helping.htm. Accessed on October 10, 2012.
5. The Auxiliary Verb. http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/auxiliaryverb.htm. Accessed on October 10, 2012.